PDF Ebook Sin in the City: Chicago and Revivalism, 1880-1920, by Thekla Ellen Joiner
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Sin in the City: Chicago and Revivalism, 1880-1920, by Thekla Ellen Joiner
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Long before today’s culture wars, the “Third Great Awakening” rocked America. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, evangelists such as Dwight L. Moody and Billy Sunday roused citizens to renounce sin as it manifested in popular culture, moral ambiguity, and the changing role of women.
Sin in the City examines three urban revivals in turn-of-the-century Chicago to show how revivalists negotiated that era’s perceived racial, sexual, and class threats. While most studies of this movement have focused on its male leaders and their interactions with society, Thekla Ellen Joiner raises new questions about gender and race by exploring Third Awakening revivalism as the ritualized performance of an evangelical social system defined by middle-class Protestant moral aspirations for urban America. Rather than approaching these events merely as the achievements of persuasive men, she views them as choreographed collective rituals reinforcing a moral order defined by ideals of femininity, masculinity, and racial purity.
Joiner reveals how revivalist rhetoric and ritual shifted from sentimentalist identification of sin with males to a more hard-nosed focus on females, castigating “loose women” whose economic and sexual independence defied revivalist ideals and its civic culture. She focuses on Dwight L. Moody’s 1893 World’s Fair revival, the 1910 Chapman-Alexander campaign, and the 1918 Billy Sunday revival, comparing the locations, organization, messages, and leaders of these three events to depict the shift from masculinized to feminized sin. She identifies the central role women played in the Third Awakening as the revivalists promoted feminine virtue as the corrective to America’s urban decline. She also shows that even as its definition of sin became more feminized, Billy Sunday’s revivalism began to conform to Chicago’s emerging color line.
Enraged by rapid social change in cities like Chicago, these preachers spurred Protestant evangelicals to formulate a gendered and racialized moral regime for urban America. Yet, as Joiner shows, even as revivalists demonized new forms of entertainment, they used many of the modern cultural practices popularized in theaters and nickelodeons to boost the success of their mass conversions.
Sin in the City shows that the legacy of the Third Awakening lives on today in the religious right’s sociopolitical activism; crusade for family values; disparagement of feminism; and promotion of spirituality in middle-class, racial, and cultural terms. Providing cultural and gender analysis too often lacking in the study of American religious history, it offers a new model for understanding the development of a gendered theology and set of religious practices that influenced Protestantism in a period of enormous social change.
- Sales Rank: #2490118 in eBooks
- Published on: 2013-05-20
- Released on: 2013-05-20
- Format: Kindle eBook
About the Author
Thekla Ellen Joiner is Associate Professor of History at Los Angeles Harbor College and lives in Long Beach, California.
Most helpful customer reviews
9 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
Gender Triumphs over Religion
By Anson Cassel Mills
At first glance this book looks like a comparative study of three major evangelistic campaigns in Chicago at the turn of the twentieth century: those of D. L. Moody, J. Wilbur Chapman, and Billy Sunday. In fact, Sin in the City is just a revised 1991 PhD dissertation, a tiresome academic production that rings the changes on race, class, and (especially) gender to the near exclusion of its erstwhile subject, religion. Not surprisingly, the final chapter, which purports to demonstrate a connection between the turn-of-the-century revivals and modern evangelicalism, is especially weak because the author has a limited understanding of modern evangelical religion.
Joiner's writing is not that bad when compared to similar productions of the academy. Still, there are a lot of sentences like, "Revivalism's ritualistic construction and expression of these dichotomies--in a heightened public sphere--provided both the means and the opportunity to encode these cultural assumptions with spiritual or immanent meanings." (16)
Academic authors regularly have difficulty taking the behavior of their historical characters at something approaching face value. So, for instance, when revivalists made profitable use of the notion that mothers' prayers followed their wayward children, they wouldn't consider investigating the possibility that mothers might actually have been doing a lot more long-distance praying for wayward children during this period than would have been the case earlier (when families were less separated geographically) or later (when mothers were less religious and more preoccupied with careers and personal lives). Or, when revivalists claimed that cities were more sinful than rural areas, that they had more than adequate evidence that this was indeed the case.
Some long-suffering graduate students will probably be required to find profundity in Joiner's book, but for the reader interested in investigating turn-of-the-century Chicago, the "Third Great Awakening," or modern evangelicalism, I suggest ignoring the thesis as much as possible and skimming the text for bibliography and occasional nuggets of useful information, especially material about women connected to the Chicago campaigns.
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